Struggle Of Main Character In Millers Play - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1057 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/06/12 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Death Of A Salesman Essay Did you like this example? In the play, Death of a salesman, Arthur Miller shows that hard work does not always pay off in the working world. Set just after World War II, Willy Loman is working on the road to be able to provide for his family. Working long hours makes him go crazy and he struggles to realize how he really feels. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Struggle Of Main Character In Millers Play" essay for you Create order When reading the play, one will begin to see a constant theme of struggling with acceptance and a tone of sympathy throughout. This becomes noticeable when all the main characters struggle to accept certain things in some way and tend to look back on how things use to be. In the play, Willy Loman is the main character that struggles to accept his personal conflict the most which is realizing he will not become the man he wants to be. He is seen reaching high and low points depending on what is going through his mind at the moment. This is seen in the text when he mentions, Maybe Ill feel better in the / morning and, Oh, Ill knock em dead next week. Ill go to Hartford. Im very / well liked in Hartford (Miller 23,42). This constant change in behavior along with talking to himself throughout the play shows the reader that there is an underlying issue that is not being confronted. This thought is supported in Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice when stating, Work-life imbalance can result in irritability, anxiety and depression and the number of hours worked correlates positively with hours spent worrying about work (Ashman and Gibson 127). With the amount of hours Willy works, he shows definite signs of all three behaviors including being sui cidal. He strives to be the best man he can for his family, but he is too worried about work to accept the reality of not being the man he wants to be. In his high points, one will feel that he is living a lie to himself and his family. This is because the reader already knows how Willy acts on a day-to-day basis. However, Willy contradicts himself when he has conversations with his brother Ben. He talks himself up when saying, Itrs Brooklyn, I know, but we hunt too (Miller 54). He tries to impress his brother, who is a successful man, in order to seem better than what he actually is. Not only did he talk himself up, he also talked up about his sons. This is also when Willy is trying to impress Ben by saying, Thatrs just the way Im bringing them up, Ben†rugged, well / liked, all-around (Miller 53). Willy tries his hardest to be like his brother by showing off things he never does. These little white lies ultimately show the reader that this is another way Willy cannot accept that his hard work will not pay off. One will see when reading that Biff is the next character that struggles with his personal conflict almost as much as his father. Biff is much like Willy with how he deals with situations along with his temper. However, Biffrs conflict is commitment. Early in the play we learn that Biff is always on the move and has had Twenty or thirty different kinds / of jobs (Miller 30). When each job results in the same outcome, we begin to learn that he struggles with commitment. Similarly, we can see this in his relationship with his family. During Willyrs flashbacks, one notices that Biff and his father were inseparable when he was younger and sees his commitment issues begin when finds out about his fatherrs affair, Willy looks at Biff, who is staring open-mouthed and horrified at The Woman (Miller 113). From this moment the reader learns that the tension between Biff and Willy is caused by a bigger problem. Biffrs encounter with his dad keeps him from being able to have a stable job, stable relationship, and even a stable life. Moreover, Millerrs Death of a Salesman provides the reader with a Sympathetic tone amongst the characters. In Willyrs flashbacks, he is a completely different person than the one he is at the present time. For example, when he talks to Biff about girls he mentions, You want to watch your schooling / first. Then when youre all set, therell be plenty of girls for a boy like / you (Miller 35). When Willy looks back on the past, he misses what he used to have with Biff. In these circumstances one will feel that he wishes he would have changed some of the choices that made in his life. On another hand, Linda also portrays a sympathetic tone throughout the play. When dealing with Willy, Linda is always calm and collected and knows that she brings him help. This is shown in the beginning of the play when she says, Your mind is overactive, and / the mind is what counts dear (Miller 23). Linda acknowledges his feelings and realizes how to deal with Willy in his low moments. She keeps him from getting deeper into his thoughts by giving possibilities of why he is feeling the way he is. This is important because it shows the reader that Linda loves Willy under any circumstance, even though he does not treat her as well. Linda displays a sympathetic tone towards Willy even when not talking to him. While arguing with her sons, she questions, And what goes through a manrs mind, driving seven hundred miles / home without having earned a cent? Why shouldnt he talk to him- / self? Why? (Miller 61). Linda wonders why her sons make fun of Willy after all that he has done to provi de for them and feels sympathetic for Willy. She takes up for him because she knows his hard work is causing him to struggle mentally and physically. This is important because it shows the reader that Linda wants Willy to know that she is there for him until the very end. After reading the play, one will linger on the thought of why Miller Included the thought process of Willy throughout his life like he did. Nonetheless, they will take away the fact that they need to look for signs for mental health issues and be there for anyone that struggles with something they cannot achieve. It will be an acknowledgement of mental health that will save a life of someone who feels they have no worth.

Deadly Unna Essay - 904 Words

Phillip Gwyne’s novel, â€Å"Deadly Unna?† explores how the main character Gary Black, a white boy from the â€Å"Port† also known as â€Å"Blacky† grows up by not agreeing to racism. Blacky experiences prejudice and friendship from both the aboriginal and white communities. Blacky begins to develop a greater tolerance for aborigines and their culture, and then he further attempts to apply this knowledge to the intolerant and prejudiced town in which he lives. The boy who helps him shift in his opinion of aborigines is a local aborigine named â€Å"Dumby Red†, who lives in the aboriginal missionary â€Å"The Point†. Dumby is of Blacky’s Football team and helps Blacky in various ways to become more tolerant. Throughout the book, Blacky learns many things about†¦show more content†¦Nice girls, but they’ve all got the clap (Gonorrhea). Every last one of ‘em’.† (Gwynne, 1998, p.122). Blacky thinks abou t this for a moment and agrees that Darcy is quite smart so decides to be careful of Clarence. Later in the story Blacky is sitting at the bar and Big Mac, the bar tender starts to tell a racist joke. When he finishes and the entire bar starts laughing, Blacky does not, he has heard and told the joke before and laughed at it, but it did not seem funny now because of his new friendship with Dumby and Clarence. This shows how Blacky has grown and how he has no humour for racisms. Blacky’s thoughts about prejudice in the town are confirmed after the football presentations. When the McRae medal was won by Mark Arks (from the white boys footy team), Blacky could not believe that his town could go this far and be so racist, Dumby had contributed so much to the team all season, he had been the true team player and was the best and everyone in the Port new it, but they continued to say nothing, Blacky then became really angry. Blacky states; â€Å"its bullshit, that’s Dumbys trophy,† (Ibid, p.133). Blacky realized how racist his town was against the Nungas (Aboriginals). This was the turning point of Blackys view of the town. Blacky realized how much the Goonyas (white people) in his town hated the Nungas. Another example of Prejudice is when Blacky told Pickles and Darcy about Dumby’s funeral both of them thought Dumby deserved to die justShow MoreRelatedAnalytical Essay: ‘Deadly Unna?’932 Words   |  4 PagesAnalyt ical Essay: ‘Deadly Unna?’ The compassionate novel Deadly Unna?, written by Phillip Gwynne, creates vivid characters and depicts race discourses experienced by Gary Black (also known as Blacky) in a fictitious South Australian coastal community. The novel portrays a typical coastal town of the 1970s and is set mainly in the Port: the local Pub, the Black family home and the jetty, where the local children play. The story explores the racism between the Nungas (the indigenous populationRead MoreDeadly Unna Chapter Summaries Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesChapter Summaries. Chapter 1. - Gary is telling the story. - Gary calls the coach arks because he can’t say ask. - Garys team is called the goonyas. - Gary lives on the coast of S.A. in a country town. - Carol Cockatoo is 1st Ruck and Gary is 2nd Ruck. - Gary was becoming very popular in the town as he was now the 1st Ruck for the grand final. - Gary has 4 brothers (one Tim) and 3 sisters. - Nickname: Blacky Chapter 2. - Gary is feared that he would be called a gutless wonder. - GaryRead MoreDeadly Unna and Australian rules comparative essay1423 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿How is sport used by the author/director to explore important themes or issues? Deadly Unna? a novel by Philip Gwynne and Australian Rules, a film adaptation of the novel, directed by Paul Goldman are both set in an Australian town, focusing on two different locations – the Port, inhabited by white people, and the Point where the Aboriginal people live. Both texts follow the progress of a hopeless football team coming together to play in the grand final. The novel explores the enlightenment ofRead MoreEssay on Racism in Deadly Unna by Phillip Gwynne1182 Words   |  5 Pages Deadly Unna Deadly Unna is the story of Garry Blacks realization of racism and discrimination in the port where he lives. When everyone else seems do nothing to prevent the discrimination Blacky a young boy steps up to the plate and has the guts to say no against racism towards the local Aborigines. Blacky is beginning to realize that the people he looks up to as role models might not be such good examples as most of them including his father his footy coach and even the pub custodianRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 PagesSarajevo AF Galsworthy, John The Forsyte saga AF Gardner, Graham Inventing Elliot YA Golden, Arthur Memoirs of a geisha AF Golding, William Lord of the flies AF YA Grenville, Kate The secret river AF Greene, Graham Brighton Rock AF Gwynne, Phillip Deadly, Unna? APB YA Haddon, Mark The curious incident of the dog in the night-time AF, APB YA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Curious_Incident_of_the_Dog_in_the_Night-time Hardy, Thomas Jude, the obscure AF Hardy, Th omas Tess of the D’Ubervilles AF Hawthorne

Position paper Free Essays

The government of Nigeria believes in the protection of the interest of the children. Unfortunately, one can notice the use of child soldiers in Nigeria. Why there is the problem of child soldiers in Nigeria? During the 19th century and 20th century there have been interstate conflicts in the African continent. We will write a custom essay sample on Position paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now This led to the use of children as the soldiers in the warfare. There are many reasons for the wars fought between different states of Africa. Two important causes of the wars are poverty and orphan rates. (Reich and Acharina, 2005) In fact, the study of UNICEF data reveals that in Africa there is the maximum use of child soldiers in the wars. It is known that 40 percent of the world child soldiers are found in the African continent. All the countries of the African continent particularly the third world countries are severely affected by the child soldier problem which is found in a poor country like Nigeria. Recently, international community has responded to this emerging problem. Great powers such as USA and UK have opposed the use of child soldiers in wars. In fact, international community has been shocked by the extent of the use of children as soldiers which has affected the future of the children of Nigeria. UNO has taken this problem seriously which is proved by the fact that UNO has constituted committees to monitor the extent of the use of the child soldiers in the wars particularly in the African continent. The use of child soldiers can be seen in the African countries such as Nigeria, Algeria, Angola, Burundi, Liberia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Uganda.   The Nigerian government is also aware of the fact that there is need to guarantee the rights of the children. However due to economic backwardness, there has been growth in the use of the children as soldiers. Obviously, this led to loss of life of many children. However, it is found that due to food shortage and lack of productive resources, the parents are forced to send their children to help the military of their nation. Hence, poverty of the third world nations is the main cause of the participation of children in wars.(Reich and Acharina, 2005) UNO and the various agencies of UNO such as UNICEF have taken this problem of child soldiers seriously. UNO was initially involved in this problem in an attempt to resolve the interstate conflicts in Africa. However, later it was known to the UNO members regarding the impact of the use of children on the children of Africa and the international community. In order to counter this problem, UNO has expressed its displeasure through the various conferences and by publishing reports concerning the efforts of the individual nations to curb the root cause of the children’s participation in the wars. In 1999, the coalition forces decided to publish a worldwide report regarding the plight of the children as soldiers.   In fact, UNO has urged all the member nations to protect the rights of the children. Recently, Kofi Annan, the UN Secretary-General has urged the Security Council to impose sanctions on the nations indulging in the use of child soldiers in the wars leading to the violation of the international law. The coalition forces have decided to prohibit the use of children as soldiers. The UNO noted that more than 250000 children are used as soldiers. The suggested sanctions include ban on the sale of armaments, sanctions on financial assistance, and so on. The UNO has also urged the NGOs participating in this anti-child soldier policy to implement the policy decisions on the UNO which has been discussed in the various conferences and UNO publications. The UNO committees on the children issues have submitted their reports regarding the position of the children in the underdeveloped countries. The imposition of sanctions is expected to curb the number of the child soldiers in the countries such as Nigeria. However, the UN report noted that there has been decline in the number of child soldiers worldwide. The UNO also decided to give financial and other kinds of support to the poor countries to help curb poverty so that there would be decrease in the number of children used in the warfare. The UN Under-Secretary Olara Otunnu also believed that children should be protected from military conscription. (Africa Renewal, 2005) In fact, the UNO members have urged the different nations to increase the minimum recruitment age to 18 years. (Maslen , 2002) The UNO suggestions regarding the protection of the children’s rights have been implemented by most of the African countries including Nigeria. In fact, legislations have been passed by Nigeria to curb the incidence of the use of the child soldiers in the wars. Although, till 2002 Nigeria did not sign ‘the African charter on the rights and welfare of child’, the government has supported the voluntary recruitment of the soldiers as there is no conscription in Nigeria. Minimum age for the recruitment of the voluntary soldiers is 18 years. The Nigerian youth have participated in the ethnic conflict in the region. This conflict involves the various political and economic issues. However, Nigeria has participated in the several conferences organized by the UNO to oppose the violation of the children’s rights. For instance, in the year 1999, the African countries including Nigeria attended the African Conference on the Use of Children as Soldiers. In the conference the various facts concerning the child soldiers was discussed. In 2001 Nigeria attended the United Nations conference on the illicit trade which also discussed the issue of the child soldiers. Nigeria became the party to the resolution of this conference. The members understood the impact of the use of arms on the children and it was resolved to protect the rights of the children. The Nigerian government has realized that the main reason for the use of the child soldiers is the existence of poverty in Nigeria. Due to food shortage and productive resources, children have been sent to the battle field. In order to curb the incidence of the use of children as soldiers, the Nigerian government has devised plans to improve the economic conditions of the families. The Nigerian government urges the international communities including UNO to understand the causes of the phenomenon of the child soldiers in Nigeria. Hence, international organizations should provide more economic support to bring the economic advancement of the region which will reduce the incidence of the use of children as soldiers. The government of Nigeria believes that necessary actions should be taken to ensure the protection of the children’s rights. It is understood that involvement of children in wars negatively affects the relation between Nigeria and international community. However, in order to introduce these measures, the international community, through the organizations such as UNICEF, should strengthen the polity and economy of Nigeria. Nevertheless, in the name of the protection of the children’s rights the integrity of the nations should not be threatened. Therefore, this is to request the organizations such as UNO to provide the positive support to Nigeria to prevent the incidence of the use of the child soldiers in the wars. The Nigerian government plans to introduce and implement legislations and programs to reduce the use of children as soldiers in the wars. (Maslen, 2002) Bibliography Maslen, Stuart (2002). â€Å"The Use of Children as Soldiers in Africa A country analysis of child recruitment and participation in armed conflict†, retrieved online on 30-10-2005 from http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/chilsold.htm Reich, Simon F (2005). â€Å"Why do Children â€Å"Fight†? Explaining Child Soldier Ratios in African Intra-State Conflicts†, retrieved online on 30-10-2005 from http://www.ridgway.pitt.edu/home/publications/Ford/Working_Papers/ChildSoldierspdf.pdf (2005). â€Å"Africa Briefs†, Africa Renewal, 19:1, April, retrieved online on 30-10-2005 from http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/ How to cite Position paper, Essay examples Position Paper Free Essays Birth Control Over the Counter Birth Control Over the Counter The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has suggested that birth control should be sold over the counter to help reduce the rate of unplanned pregnancies (Weiss, 2012). Though, it is known that taking birth control comes with many â€Å"low risks† The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists stated that the risks are low enough that it is safe to be bought and sold over the counter. It is said that half of all pregnancies are unplanned and through easier accessibility to birth control would drop this statistic dramatically. We will write a custom essay sample on Position Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Birth control pills should not be sold over the counter without a physician’s approval due to the possible side effects, lack of education and the message it will send to children about sex. As a result of selling birth control over the counter women will now have to be just as informed as doctors when dealing with potential health risks. The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists suggests that these concerns will be diminished through self-screening with a â€Å"simple questionnaire† and vigilance by women taking the pill (Wilson, 2012). I don’t believe this is as â€Å"simple† as they portray. What happens if someone doesn’t understand a question on this questionnaire? Will they provide a frequently asked questions section to this questionnaire? It is too easy to just blow the question off and continue the process without a second thought. The first thought that comes to mind when I think about a simple questionnaire I think of something that asks, â€Å"how did you like the food and service? † (Burger King). To me, it seems like a complete joke and dealing with life or death doesn’t seem to be very amusing. There are various choices of birth control women can choose from ranging from pills, implants, patches, vaginal ring and even a birth control shot but women must be careful when choosing a method because some health risks are more severe than others in each product. Certain contraceptives have been linked with deep vein thrombosis (bleed clots), heart attack, stroke and hormone-driven cancers, gallbladder disease, pulmonary embolism, gall bladder damage,  kidney stones and renal failure (Grayling, 2012). Products such as Yaz and Yasmin are oral contraceptives that contain a synthetic progestin alled drospirenone. Researchers have found that drospirenone can elevate the body’s potassium level, which leads to hyperkalemia, a condition involving serious and potentially fatal heart problems (Grayling, 2012). As a result the Food and Drug Administration instructed that warning labels must be present and visible stating increased risks in these effects. Many of these effects can b e life threating and other under lieing health conditions like age, smoking, and obsecity can significently increase these risks. With warning labels, whether they are placed on the product itself or on a piece of paper, brings about the point of whether people will take the time to read these warnings. When I go to a store to buy tylenol, nyquil or any over the counter medicine, I really don’t read what is in the products I just take them for their intended purpose. There is an unseeing trust when taking medicine hanging from a shelf that people know it is safe for human consumption, almost like an unwritten rule. A certain bond comes with doctors and there is confidence in them because of their constant care for people achieved through their dedication to their profession. If this movement passes how knowlegable do women have to be? Some of these warnings are pages long in medicial terminology that most people don’t understand. A brief description or definition doesn’t mean someone will understand what these health risk warnings mean and what they can lead to, it is much deeper then that. I feel like you might as well invest into a degree in the medical field to truly understand what is being said in some of these warning labels. It is hard work and that this is why doctors are regarded so highly. While providing birth control over the counter phyician’s seem to be unintentionally sending the wrong message to consumers giving them the choice to not see a doctor for medical needs. If women are already not seeing a doctor regularly because of the inconvenience and cost in seeing a physician, what’s to say they would want to see them after the FDA approves birth control being sold over the counter? As stated earlier, 50% of all pregnancies are unplanned and this rate hasn’t changed much in the past 20 years (Wilson, 2012). Is this so because women are scheduling appointment’s regularly to see the doctor to prove this statistic wrong? No. There is no structure in maintaining regularly scheduled visits to see a doctor for health assessment now and there probably won’t be any structure once this new proposition is passed. The counseling and recommendations doctors provide are very necessary and this is something that shouldn’t be portrayed differently. When seeking medical attention a doctors advice is invaluable and often times they save us from ourselves. We cannot be trusted to maintain our own health and except to live a long life. We disrespect our bodies often when we consume alcohol to the point that we are no longer sober, we smoke cigarettes until our lungs collapse, we inject ourselves with drugs, we eat whatever we want and portion sizes don’t seem to matter leading to high cholesterol and other serious health problems. While we condemn our bodies to this type of treatment we gain high-risk health conditions that we should be worried about when we maintain a lifestyle of doing what we want, when we want and in the end we cannot blame anyone but ourselves. Pap smears and pelvic exams are required as a pre process before having birth control prescribed which could ultimately save someone’s life if found to have cancer. Unknowing consumers wouldn’t know better unless already cognizant to the fact that if taking antibiotics, it will lessen the effectiveness of birth control pills and in turn will require extra protection when taking part in sexual activity, so requiring a prescription for birth control allows a physician or pharmacist to advise women of any possible drug interaction (Lee ; Cintron, 2012). This goes the same with any illness. A physician’s consult is necessary otherwise our country wouldn’t continue to grow or even exist. We would probably be sick and dying along side many 3rd world countries. Not to mention the responsibility that will be required if birth control be put on the shelves. Thinking about the children and teenagers, how will this affect them? It is not just about the adults anymore. Readily available drugs means having to be aware of our children’s perspective. Will they think this means it is okay to have sex with anyone? Having birth control doesn’t mean it will protect you from STD’s. And what of other methods? Are we telling children the preferred method for controlling pregnancy is to take birth control pills? This is not the message we should be sending to our still developing youth. I believe we should spend more time investing in educational classes dealing with sex, STD’s and pregnancy. These are realities that need to be explained until the horse is dead. I don’t know what ever happened to the beliefs that parents would instill into their children that if you have sex you will end up pregnant or worst, infected with a sexually transmitted disease. On the other hand the providing birth control free dramatically reduced the amount of unplanned pregnancies as well as abortion rates says lead author Jeff Peipert, MD, PhD, the Robert J. Terry Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Science Daily, 2012). The same can be said if provided easier access to birth control. Under the Affordable Care Act, introduced and passed by President Barack Obama, allows birth control to be provided at lower or no out of pocket costs to women interested in taking birth control (Health Care, 2012). Unfortunately if the proposition to sell birth control over the counter passes, health insurance would not cover the costs anymore. A recent national survey shows that women are paying an average of $16 per pack (Weiss, 2012). Physicians say the risks that come with taking birth control are extremely low and it is safe to sell the pill without a prescription. Also, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, access and cost are common reasons why women either do not use contraception use or have gaps in use (Wilson, 2012). Lastly, an effort to reduce the number of unintended pregnancies in the United States the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists is recommending that oral contraceptives be sold over the counter without a prescription (Wilson, 2012). With change comes a new reality and new issues to overcome. While offering birth control free or over the counter more women are willing to start using contraception consistently. This is a huge game changer and could help our county save billions of dollars in unplanned pregnancies but we should not abandon other methods. For instance, we could invest into better programs to teach kids about sex, STDs, and pregnancy. It is very important to seek a physician’s guidance because they hold pertinent information regarding various medical concerns and can ultimately save our lives or the lives of others. Birth control pills should not be sold over the counter without a physician’s approval and until all other avenues for controlling unplanned pregnancies are obsolete I believe they should be utilized for the safety and concern of the children and not for the sheer convenience it will provide. References Grayling, L. (2012, 11 26). Doctors Want Birth Control Pills Sold over the Counter, but is it Dangerous? – Drugwatch. com. Retrieved 12 01, 2012, from drug watch: http://www. drugwatch. com/2012/11/26/doctors-want-birth-control-pills-sold-over-the-counter-but-is-that-a-dangerous-idea/ Health Care. (2012, 12). Read the Law | HealthCare. gov. Retrieved 12 08, 2012, from HealthCare. gov: http://www. healthcare. gov/law/full/index. html Lee, F. , ; Cintron, D. (2012, 11 28). Prescription-free birht control pills up for debate. Retrieved 12 08, 2012, from usatoday: http://www. usatoday. com/story/news/2012/11/28/over-the-counter-birth-control/1732205/ Science Daily. 2012, 10 04). Abortion rates plummet with free birth control. Retrieved 12 01, 2012, from ScienceDaily: http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2012/10/121004200908. htm Weiss, D. (2012, 11 29). Physician Gourp Supports Making Birth Control Pills Available OTC. Retrieved 12 01, 2012, from Pharmacy Times: http://www. pharmacytimes. com/news/Physicia n-Group-Supports-Making-Birth-Control-Pills-Available-OTC Wilson, J. (2012, 11 21). Physicians: Birth control should be sold without a prescription – CNN. com. Retrieved 12 01, 2012, from CNN health: http://www. cnn. com/2012/11/20/health/birth-control-over-the-counter/index. html How to cite Position Paper, Essay examples Position Paper Free Essays Security Council Child Soldiers United States King High School Background Thousands of children are serving as soldiers in armed conflicts around the world. Boys and girls serve in government forces and armed opposition groups. They may fight as front-line combatants, suicide bombers, mine sweepers, sex slaves, and spies. We will write a custom essay sample on Position Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many are abducted or recruited by force, while others join voluntarily, believing that armed groups offer their best chance for survival. We are working to prevent the use of child soldiers and to hold accountable the people who send children to fight. It threatens the core of the United Nations, and the heart of our world’s future: Children. The US Child Soldiers Prevention Act prohibits the US government from providing US foreign military financing, military training, and several other categories of US military assistance to governments using child soldiers. Actions National Actions Child soldiers are not an issue in the United States. The U. S. overnment currently provides military assistance to five of the six governments implicated in child soldier usage. From 2001 the USA contributed $34 million to support programs to prevent the recruitment and use of child soldiers and to demobilize and reintegrate child combatants, including $10 million through the US Agency for International Development and $24 million through the US Department of Labor. In 2008, Senators Richard Durbin and Sam Brownback introduced the Child Soldier Prevention Act, which is a bill to curtail U. S. ilitary assistance to governments that fail to take steps to demobilize and stop recruiting children into the armed forces or government-supported militias. Under this bill, countries that take steps to demobilize child soldiers are eligible for certain forms of assistance to help professionalize their forces and ensure that U. S. taxpayer dollars are not used to finance the exploitation of children in armed conflict. International Actions The United States has done many international actions to prevent encouraging the use of children being used as soldiers. In April 2007 the Child Soldier Prevention Act of 2007 was introduced into Congress. It would restrict US military assistance to governments involved in the recruitment or use of child soldiers. In April 2007 the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law held a hearing to consider the Child Soldier Prevention Act, obstacles facing former child soldiers seeking asylum in the USA, and ways for the USA to address child recruiters from other countries who came to the USA. In October 2007 the Child Soldier Accountability Act was introduced into Congress. It would amend the US criminal code to allow the prosecution of individuals who have recruited or used child soldiers, whether in the United States or elsewhere. â€Å"The Child Soldiers Prevention Act can put real pressure on governments to stop using child soldiers,† Joe Becker said. â€Å"Obama needs to give fewer waivers to countries abusing their children this way. † On October 4, 2011, the Obama administration announced waivers to the Child Soldiers Prevention Act, allowing military assistance to Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Yemen despite the continued use of children in their armed forces. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is a human rights treaty that establishes the civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights of children. It also defines children as being under the age of 18. The United States is the only country in the world, with the exception of Somalia, that has not ratified it. In 2002, however, the U. S. ratified the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, which prevents the recruitment of military personnel under the age of 18. Much work remains to be done by the U. S. government on the rights of the child, particularly on the protection of children in armed conflicts. There was a resolution adopted by the General Assembly in 1999 on November 11 titled â€Å"Resolution on the Use of Children as Soldiers. † Recommendation for Action Citizens for Global Solutions are committed to achieving greater engagement by the U. S. government to take the lead of international endeavors to protect future generations. Also, Child Soldiers International‘s website has a place for donation to end the recruitment of children as child soldiers. There is background information and everything about the issue to educate the donators and viewers viewing the website. The Obama administration decided to exempt Yemen and three other countries that use child soldiers from U. S. penalties under the 2008 Child Soldiers Prevention Act. The Invisible Children was founded to stop Joseph Kony called Kony 2012 and the United States was involved in it too. President Obama issued a bill to help stop Joseph Kony for justice. How to cite Position Paper, Papers

Strategic Direction For Asset Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Strategic Direction For Asset Management? Answer: Introduction Sunshine Sugar is a sugar substances organization which is based in Northern NSW. This organization was recently acquired by the Coca-Cola Company, with the primary purpose of this acquisition being strategic for the Coca-Cola Company. One of the main expectations that the Coca-Cola Company has on the sunshine Sugar Company which it acquired is having it contribute to its financial outcome. To secure the accomplishment of this goal, the Coca-Cola Company needs to ensure that all the operations that the Sunshine Sugar Company had for development and obtaining incomplete continues in the same or in a better way than the organization had intended. Among such important plans that the organization had included the process of the desktop asset risk review, which the board requested its undertaking. This paper provides a precise assessment of the risk review plan and provides thorough details on how it can be carried out efficiently (Coca-Cola, 2017). Context issues; The purpose of this scheme is to give directions on how an assessment of the risks associated with the organizational desktop resources can be carried out. Being among the organizations that rely on technology to conduct its daily operations and to ensure that it maintains high effectiveness in these operations, Sunshine Sugar Company has a significant number of desktop computing resources. When these resources are essential in its operations, they also make the organization vulnerable to a significant number of risk events whose occurrence might cause significant problems to the organizations. The assessment of these risks is the first steps towards the establishment of mitigation strategies that can help the organization avoid their occurrence. The first issue of consideration while making the assessment is the physical security that the organization has established, to ensure that the desktop computers remain safe within the organization. The second issue to consider is the information technology management security of the organization. Sunshine Sugar organization has established a computer network system which allows secure communication and data sharing between individuals in different organizational regions. The systems have been developed to create communication of the organizational desktop computers and information sharing. These systems can, however, be hacked by individuals and have them attain access to the organizational data flow, from which they can manage to obtain a lot of confidential information. Such occurrences are necessary for the organization to consider when the review and assessment of all risks associated with the organizational desktop resources are being assessed (Sunshine Sugar, 2017). Resource requirements The aspect of resource requirement is significantly important for the organization to understand. The organization has some important uses that it has for its computers. These use consists of the purpose that it has and also the reason why these resources are important to the organization. To carry out this purpose effectively, a certain desktop computer model and form is important to obtain and retain. With this regard, therefore, the most important aspect of the computer is the establishment of a good resource that has met all the requirement and also establishing a maintenance plan that will enable those resources to remain in the same required form that is helpful to the organization (Hollis, S. 2015). Methodology for the review; The method that is appropriate for the review is one that will help in identifying all the possible and available risks that can affect the organization, which can be associated with those organizational desktop computers resources. In such a method, the first aspect that it should include is an assessment of the operations that the organization involves in with computers. The second aspect that should be considered is the security that the organization has established to protect these computers. The third aspect that the methodology should include is the assessment of the organizational desktop computer network and the vulnerability that it set up for the organization. Review schedule; The review of the organizational risks is important because as time progresses, changes occur. These changes either increase or reduce the organizational risks. Without regular assessment and review of these risks, new risks might occur, and they are not detected, an aspect that makes the organization vulnerable to their occurrence. To avoid such an outcome, a regular review of risks should be established after every duration of two months. At the same time, the studies should be carried out when any desktop resource change or significant alteration takes place. Key areas of concern/issues for consideration and the list of specific anticipated findings that may generate concern regarding Sunshine Sugar asset management practices The key area of concern regarding the risks that might occur to the Sunshine Sugar Company as explained earlier include the physical, organizational security, computer network safety and the specific state and model of the organizational computers. Gantt Diagram To ensure that all activities involved in a certain project are carried out entirely, organizations utilize Gantt charts to plan for what and when events will be conducted. In the process of reviewing the risks associated with the desktop resource of Sunshine Sugar organization, the following chart can be utilized to reveal how tasks and events will be carried out. Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Risks in the physical organizational security Risks in the organizational information security technology Risks in the organizational changes that occur From this Gantt diagram, the risk assessment process can be completed in five days' time. References Autodesk, 2013. Overview of Field Management with Autodesk BIM 360 Field: Youtube. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sE0bOTqfGCMindex=1list=PLYggSrSwbZp0eJ92UnmoB8qyCgE-y4Sd Coca-Cola, 2017. The Coca-Cola Company, About Us: Coca-Cola. Available at www.coca-cola.com.au Deiton, 2017. Deiton Business Catalyst: Available at https://deighton.businesscatalyst.com/kiosk/story.html Deiton, 2017. dTIMS for Asset Management: Deiton. Available at https://www.deighton.com/ Hollis, S. 2015. The role of regional organizations in disaster risk management: a strategy for global resilience. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Sunshine Sugar, (2017). The Sunshine Sugar Company, About Us. Sunshine Sugar. Available at www.nswsugar.com.au

Add Math Sba Essay Example

Add Math Sba Essay Example Add Math Sba Essay Add Math Sba Essay To fulfill this task the use of calculus is needed along with other mathematical ethos to help design a best suitable and cheap packaging that will be used to carry a grand amount of smaller products while cost remain in a stead/safe amount. Mathematical Formulation Below is a list of formulas applied to each question A. Tan = B. Substitution Area of triangle + Area of rectangle= Area of pentagon C. Differentiation D. The quadratic equation The quadratic formula OR Factorization of the quadratic formula Problem solution yes D CACM A Problem diagram c i) F is the mid-point of line BE and Its also the perpendicular of triangle EAI. The line OAF cuts triangle OAF in half resulting in two isosceles triangles. Since CUBICAL= CAFE and DC=BE, then FEB. and BEEF are both equal to corn. , , then Therefore ii) Since the total cross-sectional area is CACM then: Make y the subject in equation (i) Now sub (i) into (ii) Maximum area When the maximum area: Therefore the maximum cross-sectional area is 540 When the equation is divided by 60 it becomes: These are the two possible values of x that satisfies the maximum cross- sectional area being 300 300 480 540 Prism length=CM Since x=l, cross-sectional area=300 and cross-sectional perimeter=CACM Volume of prism= When the sides of the container is opened up it makes a net consisting off faces, 2 pentagonal faces and 5 rectangular faces. Length=cross-sectional perimeter=CACM Width-?prism length=CM Area of -?450 Total surface area (sum of the areas of each face) = Cross-sectional area+ area of rectangles +450 =1050 Fixed costs=$6000 Variable costs-? and Average costs (AC) For average cost to be a minimum X=600{Therefore 600 units has to be produced to maintain average cost at its minimum level. Since x=600 gives a minimum value Application of Solution Since x (the number of units produced) is equaled to 600, the average cost Of the product using the formula: Therefore the possible minimum average cost is $25 per unit Conclusion It was determined that the Trine Chocolate delights Ltd. Had to produce 600 units at the minimum average cost of $25 per tin of chocolates. Also the maximum cross-sectional area was determined to be 300 if the value of x was either CM or LLC. Since x (the number Of units produced) is equaled to 600, the average cost Of either CM or 1 CM.

Symbolism In Master Harold . . And The Boys Essays - Free Essays

Symbolism In 'Master Harold' . . And The Boys Essays - Free Essays Symbolism In 'Master Harold' . . And The Boys Symbolism in 'Master Harold' . . and the Boys Ainsley Donovan 125055 English 110.6 Section 23 April 25, 1997 Athol Fugard's 'Master Harold' . . . and the Boys is about Hally, a white young man, and the damage done by apartheid and alcoholism. The play takes place on the southeast cost of South Africa, 1950, in Hally's parents' restaurant. This is where two black servants, Sam and Willie, work for the white family. Sam and Willie have been a part of Hally's upbringing and are close friends. Hally has educated Sam with the knowledge acquired from school textbooks, but Sam has been trying to teach Hally vital lessons necessary for a healthy lifestyle. With a racist environment and a boorish alcoholic as a father, Sam has been a positive role model for Hally. The question would be, could Sam's influence outweigh the negative environment, shaping the confused boy? There are symbols in the play that illustrate the stimuli contributing to the answer. In 'Master Harold' . . . and the Boys, one can examine the kite, dance, bench, and disease; these are the symbols of the conflicting forces competing for Hally's future. The kite is an object symbolic of transcendence. Even as a child, Hally had an ingrain sense of defeat, disappointment, and failure; that is why Sam made him the kite. He wanted the little boy to be proud of something, proud of himself. Sam gave to him the phenomena of flying, the ideology of climbing high above his shame. The kite triggered neurotic thoughts but exhilarated the despairing boy. This is it, I thought. Like everything else in my life, here comes another fiasco. Then you shouted Go, Hally! and I started to run. I don't know how to describe it, Sam. Ja! The miracle happened! I was running, waiting for it to crash to the ground, but instead suddenly there was something alive behind me at the end of the string, tugging at it as if it wanted to be free. I looked back . . . I still can't believe my eyes. It was flying. . . I was so proud of us. . . I would have been suicidal if anything had happened to it(Fugard, pp.1691-92). The kite conjured up ideas and feelings of believing in miracles, of being alive, and free. Sam left Hally up on the hill, with the a sense of pride, beside the bench. Hally wondered why Sam had left him alone that day. The two of them were up there for a long time; the only bench on the hill read whites only. The bench is the symbol of apartheid, division, hatred, and racism. It is apartheid that Hally hides behind as he uses Sam and Willie as his scapegoat. Hally is filled with so much rage over his father, he is torn between love and hate. When the conflict supernovas, Hally lashes out on his two black friends. He tries to pretend they are not friends by acting strictly like a boss. Carrying on with this little man routine, Hally asks Sam to call him Master Harold. Sam would only do this if they were no longer friends; Hally would be no different from his father. This is the case for, when he spits in Sam's face, Hally becomes Master Harold. Apartheid is victorious in the corruption of another white male as Hally takes his place on the bench of segregation. If you're not careful . . . Master Harold . . . you're going to be sitting up there by yourself for a long time to come, and there won't be a kite in the sky(Fugard, p.1709). Along with the kite and the bench, the dance is another symbol in 'Master Harold' . . . and the Boys. After one of the phone calls that trigger his explosions, Hally, once again, is calmed by the idealistic voice of Sam. They begin talking about the art of dancing and how it can be seen as a metaphor of life. The dance is a symbol of inner harmony, social peace, and a world without violence or aggression. This is an ideal world. Sam points out that none of us know the steps; there is no music playing, but it does not stop the whole world from continuing. Even though there are bumps that leave bruises, life keeps on existing. We should just learn to dance life like champions. Hally, who only has words and books without value, falls in love with this analogy. At least

Hinduism & Jainism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hinduism & Jainism - Assignment Example Moreover, they preach equal and careful treatment of all living beings by minimizing or eliminating harmful thoughts (Antiquity of Jainism, n.d). Hinduism and Jainism are the two of the most important ancient religions of India; Jainism being much older than the Vedic religions of Hindus. Since Jainas and Hindus have been living side by side for the past many centuries, it is obvious that they have influenced each other in many respects but still there exists many differences between them with respect to their concepts and religious beliefs. The most important difference being that Hindus believe in the existence of god but Jainas don’t believe in god instead worships those great ones who have realized their high ideal and attained salvation. Jainism follows three basic principles – non-violence, non-absolutism and non-possession. Jaina’s believe that man should treat all living beings of the world as his own. Hinduism stresses the importance of serenity of living beings. According to Hindu’s, only god can attain salvation; Jaina’s believe that salvation is the right of human beings only. There are different ways to attain salvation in Hinduism, for example the four Yogas – Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Jnana Yoga. However, the path of salvation prescribed by Jainism is only one – Ratnatraya Marga, that is, three fold path of Right Belief, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct which is to be simultaneously pursued by all men. Hinduism is a sacrificial religion where Hin du’s consider performance of several sacrifices for different reasons and different durations as very important, including animal sacrifices. Although, Jaina’s don’t believe in sacrifices they promote careful living where no form of life should be harmed. Though the ultimate goal of both Hindus and Jainas is to achieve Nirvana or supreme liberation, the path and the number of stages involved in reaching it is absolutely contrasting from one

Social Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Class - Essay Example These classes are â€Å"distinguished by inequalities in such areas as power, authority, wealth, working and living conditions, life-styles, life-span, education, religion, and culture† (Cody). How one’s socio-economic status, with which he is born with, affects his life chances is going to be discussed in this paper. Let’s first talk about healthcare. One who is born with high social status is given all the rights by the society to enjoy good health care facilities. He has enough money to go to expensive doctors or even visit physicians abroad. He has all the resources with which he can afford expensive medicines, and also can hire servants who bring the medicine placed on a tray to be put into his mouth. When a wealthy man goes to a hospital, he immediately gets an appointment with the highly professional provider. On the other hand, when a person belonging to a lower class, or even a middle class, gets sick, he is not able to afford to go to a doctor and buy c ostly medicines. If at all he manages to reach the hospital, he has to wait in long queues to get an appointment to get him examined. The doctor will not talk to him humanely. This way, the upper class enjoys greater longevity than the lower class. The middle class is not affected much in case of longevity. Hence, the amount of money a person has in his pocket decides what kind of and how much health care he will receive. This is the class discrimination that has deepened its roots into our society and no matter how much we get educated, we will always fall prey to this cruel discrimination. As far as family life is concerned, it is affected negatively in lower classes. This is because poor people are more stressed out because of poor financial conditions. They do not have high paying jobs, and thus they hardly make both ends meet. They cannot think of any luxury other than earning bread and butter. The family life is disturbed and the children do not get enough attention from their parents. Despite being the richest country, Americans rank highest in child poverty rates. They are stricken with insufficient nutrition along with unemployment and housing that is overcrowded (Arloc). Poor class manifests in physical, emotional and social ways. McLoyd suggests that impoverished children have social, emotional and behavioral problems due to poor health and serious mental health problems stemming from the persistent poverty level in which they live. Aber and Bennett concluded that serious health problems come along with the territory such as preventable diseases like Influenza, Measles, Malnutrition and AIDS due to lack of proper education and poor or no health care at all. On the other hand, the rich people have all the facilities and luxuries with which they can make their lives easier and their children happier. They can always spend lots of money on vacations, movies, games, picnics, and so on. The education and the political system is also dependent upon the so cial class. Lower social classes do not have the funding to support their children financially so that they are able to get good education. So they lag behind. This ends in their not getting good jobs, thus they add to the overall poverty. The high social classes can afford good schools and colleges, and can even send their children abroad for higher education. Thus, education sector is controlled by those high in power and wealth. Moreover, upper class is also able to vote more and choose their political leaders. Lower classes either

A Life That Almost Happened Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Life That Almost Happened - Lab Report Example It listed jobs in food service, supermarket cashier, but the mere fact that he had a resume at all is evidence that he had set goals and ambitions. It tells the story of potential- the story of a life that almost happened. After graduating from North High School in 1999, Alfonso moved out of his mother's house in the government project where he grew up, instead, he went to work, driving a delivery truck for Albuquerque Tortilla. Even then he wanted to be more than a delivery boy. For a while, Alfonso had considered going into the Marine Corps, but decided instead to go to college once he paid off his truck. In the meantime, he moved in with his sister, Miriam Celaya, and her two children. On Saturday afternoon, March 10th 2001 Alfonso had gone to his friend Rafael Espinoza's house at 31st Avenue and Washington Street. Rafa was 20 then with three kids, twins on the way, a wife and a girlfriend on the side. He said that he's not a bad guy and that he's stayed away from gangs and drugs. But Alfonso's family isn't convinced, either, so on that Saturday Alfonso has to go to Rafa's house, because Miriam doesn't approve of the friendship and doesn't want Rafa in her home. Late that afternoon, Alfonso and another friend, Narvel Murrieta, headed towards Rafa's house in Alfonso's white pickup. Narvel had arrived in Phoenix less than two weeks ago from a small ranching community called Pantanito, in Magdalena, Sonora, where Alfonso's family also has a home. Alfonso has offered to show Narvel around, and help Narvel get acquainted with life in Phoenix. They arrived at Rafa's small gray house around 4:30. Then the three men talked outside for a while about their plans for the evening. Narvel has never been out in Phoenix, and wants Alfonso to show him around. Today was also Rafa's girlfriend's 21st birthday. The trio makes tentative plans to meet up later in the evening to celebrate. Then they headed to the nearby house of Rafa's cousin, where Rafa plays the accordion, while the cousin gives Alfonso a guitar lesson. Then Alfonso and Narvel leave for their house while Rafa called his girlfriend Estrella, to make plans to celebrate her birthday. While at the same time, not far from Rafa's house, 18-year-old Jesus Maris pumps gas at the Texaco, a black man selling jewelry, a watch, some bracelets, chains and a semi-automatic handgun approached him. The man wanted $100 for the gun, but Jesus talked him down to $40. He hoped to sell the gun for $100 himself and make some money. Jesus heads home around 6 p.m. and gets ready to go out for the evening. Jesus would later tell investigators, that the purchase of the gun was more a product of chance and opportunity than anything else. As dinnertime approached at the Celaya house, the family sent Noel Caudillo, one of the brothers to get hamburgers from Carl's Jr. hamburgers. After dinner, Narvel and Alfonso left together, and didn't tell the family where they're headed. It was the last time Alfonso's mother would see her youngest son alive. Around the same time, Jesus Maris, Omar Mendez and his brother Antonio had just finished drinking a couple of beers at Omar's apartment in Mesa. They headed to a party. There, they met up with another friend and had a few more drinks. About a half-hour later, the four cruise toward Phoenix in a Chevy pickup. While Alfonso and Narvel, Estrella and her two friends, and Rafa's 15-year-old sister all arrived at Rafa's house. They got into two cars, heading out for an evening at the Mexican

The Importance Of Transferable Skills Marketing Essay

The Importance Of Transferable Skills Marketing Essay The transferability of one persons skills can reveal the competencies of this person in performing an especial job which can be utilised in the performance of another job. In nowadays working environment, its a critical task to develop personal transferable skills in order to broaden the career options (McCourt and Eldridge 2003). For example, different people have distinct natural abilities to develop the skills like multiple tasks throughout their lives and thus they are applicable to a variety of working situations. The transferable skills are different from the job-related skills which are only utilised in one particular of work. Most of the employers think that the transferable skills are more important because they would like to expect their staffs to use the skills in more than one job even if the work is irrelevant to their previous educational or working experience (Moorhead 2005). This literature review will focus on the importance, implementations, and outcomes of transferable skills which is analysed in Human Resource aspects. The specific transferable skills differ in different preferences of people. For example, if people like to work with information and data, their specific transferable skills may include budgeting, measuring, analysis, research, or surveying. If people who enjoy working with ideas, their specific transferable skills may include developing, restructuring, painting, planning, or problem solving (Block and Betrus 2003). Definition The transferability of skills is defined as the specific capacities which allow the people to achieve in a spacious range of different jobs and tasks (Assiter 1995). It will become an advantage of competitiveness for the people because the transferable skills essence of marketable and tangible can provide the quality value for many organisations (Brown and Lent 2005). Transferable skills can be measured, such as the language or information skills, as well as self-motivation and initiative attribute which are able to be used in the workplace (Foster 1998). This kind of skills tends to be learned by trying to anticipate potential environments of application so that they can be transferred easily. The process is mostly set up the bridges between knowledge levels and capabilities whereby increases transferability (Hakkarainen et al. 2004). An inventory of transferable skills categorises into forty basic skills, such as the basic skill of communication can be separated into the specific skills of questioning, interviewing, listening, and writing. Most of these skills are developed naturally from all aspects of peoples life, and then they can transfer them to their jobs (Lock 2005). According to those definitions of transferable skills, they are all indicating that it can be implemented as any roles in different industries because the skills come from the life upon the basic skills. This can help the people to identify the different personal skills that they have utilised in their living and working environment. However, the critical issue is that people have to comprehend the transition between the basic skills and transferable skills so that they can improve their personal development through the transferability of various jobs. Reason for Transferability of Skills The importance of transferable skills Being a high extent of competitive society, its a crucial task for people to enhance their own forces and thus they are enabled to handle the challenges in different working situations. Hence, the transferable skills can be one of the most effective competencies to those who are new graduates or returning to the working places (NJIT 2010). Its a critical factor that people have to identify their transferable skills from the experiences of the jobs since the title of job never disclosed all the details of the actual work and the formal job description is often different from the facts. This is the reason that its important to anatomise each previous and current job to observe varied skills used on the jobs. After identify the personal transferable skills, it can help to discover the most suitable position in peoples career depends on demonstrating at the work place. It can be also apply to the interviews to show the skills and talents to the employers. Besides that, the transferable skills can be developed from the basic skills of the daily life, such as the language, writing, communication, organising, and self management skills. These basic skills can not be neglected because they will become the accelerant for transferable skills due to the steady foundation (Aswathappa 2005). Once the employees have improved their basic skills in their daily lives and moved on to the development of transferable skill, it would bring them higher social and economic returns. Demands of organisation Transferable skills are valuable to most of the employers and organisations. They would like to offer the staffs with flexibility in their career planning so that they can obtain the transferable skills from a variety of activities (Gardner et al. 2009). For instance, after involved in a large trade event, the employees might gain or enhanced the abilities of teamwork, leadership, and effective communication. In addition, many employers are using on-the-job tests to evaluate the degree of multi-task skills so that they can be trained properly to develop the transferable abilities (Mathis and Jackson 2008). The transferable skills of the employees can help to meet the organisational requirements, utilise the services properly, and increase the efficiency (Randhawa 2007). It also tends to a wide range of capacity at same level when the company is recruiting new staffs (Marchington and Wilkinson 2005). It can be discovered from the job requirements of the organisations which prefer their staffs to gain the transferable skills in order to increase its productivity and working effectiveness. Implementations The needs of transferable skills The transferable skills have become an important aspect for the organisations to measure and evaluate their staffs. The employers will discover the potential of the employees to perform in other roles at same level. The performance can help the company to decide that the developmental needs of the employees and the next paces within the company (Bohlander and Snell 2008). The skills are totally based on the work performance rather than entirely on accessibility and knowledge due to the flexible qualifications (Brown and Lent 2005). For example, the needs of the skills will include assertiveness, negotiating, persuading and influencing, indentifying key issues, data analysis, organising work individually, etc. This can occur to the employees that they are able to listen effectively to the details of a project meanwhile expressing the idea immediately in the meetings.

The Ethos of John Lennon Essay -- Religion, Pilgrimage

The features and boundaries of pilgrimage have been debated by scholars (Badone and Roseman 2004a, Cohen 1992, Eade and Sallnow 1991, Morinis 1992, Reader and Walter 1993; Timothy and Olson 2006). Although this paper cannot evaluate Strawberry Fields as a place of pilgrimage in the absence of fieldwork, Kruse (2003) suggested the possibility. In light of this possibility, and the centrality of the ethos of peace activism to Lennon memorials, the definition of pilgrimage formulated by Alan Morinis (1992, 4), may be appropriate: â€Å"the pilgrimage is a journey undertaken by a person in quest of a place or a state that he or she believes to embody a valued ideal.† This definition of pilgrimage is suitable for understanding the motivation of participants to attend memorial events because, as demonstrated in this paper, many participants come to celebrate Lennon in the context of his peace activism. Further, the attributes of pilgrimage proposed by Ian Reader (1993, 7-8) provide an account of the varying motives of participants who attend the Lennon memorial: â€Å"the idea of a journey out of the normal parameters of life, the entry into a different, other, world, the search for something new, the multiple motives of participants, ranging from homage to veneration to the simple impulses of curiosity.† These definitions encompass the differing motives of individuals visiting Strawberry Fields. For some, the memorial would be a sacred space, a location where fans have the opportunity to mourn Lennon's death, offer tributes and be in the presence of his spirit: â€Å"You come here, you feel his spirit. His spirit is so alive in here,† a fan comments. Other participants may come to the memorial as one part of their visit to New York City. Badone... ...his paper and in Riddell (2008), on pilgrimage to the gravesite of Jim Morrison, I learned that people apply religious categories to â€Å"secular† phenomena, such as memorial objects, strange occurrences become supernatural phenomena, and a musician, such as Morrison, can become a â€Å"religious figure.† Erika Doss (1999, 74-75) believes that â€Å"as a profoundly religious people, Americans tend to treat things on religious terms, apply religious categories, and generally make a religion out of much of what is touched and understood.† The practice of â€Å"parrallelomaina,† as Sean McCloud (2005) characterizes it, that is, understanding religion in popular culture by analogy, may or may not be helpful. What is significant, for future study, I suggest, is the process by which dead celebrity fandom is sacralized and the ability of an ethos to be the foundation of such a community. The Ethos of John Lennon Essay -- Religion, Pilgrimage The features and boundaries of pilgrimage have been debated by scholars (Badone and Roseman 2004a, Cohen 1992, Eade and Sallnow 1991, Morinis 1992, Reader and Walter 1993; Timothy and Olson 2006). Although this paper cannot evaluate Strawberry Fields as a place of pilgrimage in the absence of fieldwork, Kruse (2003) suggested the possibility. In light of this possibility, and the centrality of the ethos of peace activism to Lennon memorials, the definition of pilgrimage formulated by Alan Morinis (1992, 4), may be appropriate: â€Å"the pilgrimage is a journey undertaken by a person in quest of a place or a state that he or she believes to embody a valued ideal.† This definition of pilgrimage is suitable for understanding the motivation of participants to attend memorial events because, as demonstrated in this paper, many participants come to celebrate Lennon in the context of his peace activism. Further, the attributes of pilgrimage proposed by Ian Reader (1993, 7-8) provide an account of the varying motives of participants who attend the Lennon memorial: â€Å"the idea of a journey out of the normal parameters of life, the entry into a different, other, world, the search for something new, the multiple motives of participants, ranging from homage to veneration to the simple impulses of curiosity.† These definitions encompass the differing motives of individuals visiting Strawberry Fields. For some, the memorial would be a sacred space, a location where fans have the opportunity to mourn Lennon's death, offer tributes and be in the presence of his spirit: â€Å"You come here, you feel his spirit. His spirit is so alive in here,† a fan comments. Other participants may come to the memorial as one part of their visit to New York City. Badone... ...his paper and in Riddell (2008), on pilgrimage to the gravesite of Jim Morrison, I learned that people apply religious categories to â€Å"secular† phenomena, such as memorial objects, strange occurrences become supernatural phenomena, and a musician, such as Morrison, can become a â€Å"religious figure.† Erika Doss (1999, 74-75) believes that â€Å"as a profoundly religious people, Americans tend to treat things on religious terms, apply religious categories, and generally make a religion out of much of what is touched and understood.† The practice of â€Å"parrallelomaina,† as Sean McCloud (2005) characterizes it, that is, understanding religion in popular culture by analogy, may or may not be helpful. What is significant, for future study, I suggest, is the process by which dead celebrity fandom is sacralized and the ability of an ethos to be the foundation of such a community.

Can Television Improve Social and Political Life in the United States?

Throughout history television has been used to improve social and political life in the United States in many ways. Television reaches millions of viewers in the United States on a daily basis. It is an important form of communication and has been for many years. Television brings important historical events, both positive and negative, directly into the homes of America. People do not only read about current events, they experience them in real time. Society and Television Television can be used as an education tool because there are many television shows on the air that are informative and educational. The right television shows can teach our children about morals and values. Educational television is not only for children, television channels such as â€Å"National Geographic† and â€Å"The History Channel† can serve as learning tools for adults. There are also programs that educate society about problems and concerns about the social and political aspects in America. Since there is at least one television in each household, it is the best tool to use when airing news broadcasts used address a large audience (Csun. edu). Issues such as the large rate of unemployment or political happenings in the country are made known to the American public. Using television to educate those who do not know all of the facts and data related to issues of society is one way these issues can be addressed. Airing programs that address these issues during prime time news or highly watched shows would utilize the influence that television has and reach a large number of people at one time. One way to improve social life in the United States is to let the majority of the population know what is going on in America. When awareness is improved, news coverage and politics begin to get involved with the issues that the American people are concerned about. Political Television The television can be used to improve political life as well. The news stations cover and dramatize the news when it comes to politics. There is always a politician arguing over the latest issue that has arisen. Even though these types of arguments are sometimes dramatized, it gives the American people a chance to view both sides of an issue. Television also airs messages from politicians who are campaigning for seats in the Senate or House. This is useful with providing American people with knowledge about candidates and what they stand for. The American people get to see the pros and cons of one side versus the other side and then decide who they agree with. Television can improve political life by informing Americans about who stands for what and what the politician’s goals may be (abelard. org). A person is better suited to make a clear and conscious decision about who they want to vote for in any election through the information that television provides to the public. Television helps improve both social and political life in by raising awareness of social issues and informing people about political aspects that are going on in the United States.

The Effects of Exercise on the Blood Pressure and Heart Rate of Smokers and Non-Smokers Essays

The Effects of Exercise on the Blood Pressure and Heart Rate of Smokers and Non-Smokers Essays The Effects of Exercise on the Blood Pressure and Heart Rate of Smokers and Non-Smokers Essay The Effects of Exercise on the Blood Pressure and Heart Rate of Smokers and Non-Smokers Essay Aim: I am going to investigate how aerobic exercise affects the heart rate between smokers and non-smokers. To carry out this I will need to select a group of students (e.g. 10-15), in this group of student there have to be halves of them who are smokers and the other halves who are not smokers. To gather data on this I will need to generate two types of reading: heart rate and blood pressure of both of smokers and non-smokers. Prediction: I predict that heart rate of smokers will be elevated and blood pressure will be higher from non-smokers. This is, because smoking causes high blood pressure (nicotine that is found in cigarette causes blood constriction of blood vessel). This damages the endothelial layer of blood vessels, limits ability of blood vessel to dilate and raises the blood pressure, as the blood find difficult to flow through the vessels. Carbon monoxide, which is found in cigarette smokes lowers the ability of haemoglobin carrying oxygen. Therefore effecting transport of oxygen to the respirations sites (during exercise in the muscles). Background information on exercise The reason for my prediction is that more exercise a person does more it will affect the pulse rate of that person. When I mean exercise, I mean more activity a person do, for example running and cycling. The exercise requires movements, so more energy will be required. In order, to get more energy; respiration has to take place at faster rate. As more respiration takes place, more energy is used. Therefore, more carbon dioxide will be produced. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration. So it must be removed from our blood (circulatory system), as it is a toxin. Because of the extra carbon dioxide being produced and blood has higher concentration of carbon dioxide. To get rid of the extra carbon dioxide, blood is pumped around the body faster in order to transport it into the lungs. This process raises the heart rate (heart beat), so the heart adjusts to the condition by pumping more blood around the circulatory system. However, during strenuous exercise, lasting at least more than 12 minutes, the respiratory system cannot supply enough oxygen to initiate respiration, so the body uses reserved energy, which is stored in the muscles as glycogen. This is known as anaerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration oxygen comes from two sources: oxyheamoglobin, where oxygen we breathe in that combines with haemoglobin in the blood, in this process the oxygen is released from the oxyheamoglobin in the muscles where respiration takes place, to become haemoglobin again. The other source is myoglobin, which is stored in the muscles. Myoglobin has greater affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin, as a result from this its acts as store of oxygen. Respiration is the process that releases energy food. In this process Glucose from our food is oxidised to give, carbon dioxide, water and energy is released in form of ATP. The overall equation for respiration is: C6H12 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Effects of exercise As a person exercises, the longer the person exercises the dept of breathing increases as the exercise becomes harder or tiring. Our lungs respond to this by increasing the breathing rate (air inhalation). So, lungs could supply more oxygen from air, which is then transferred from the lungs through alveoli to the blood and then to the muscles via the circulatory system. During strenuous exercise, as the exercise get harder or more tiring, the demands for oxygen cannot be met alone by respiratory organs. During this time anaerobic respiration takes place. This process builds of an oxygen deficit, during which lactic acid is produced. After the exercise, at rest the subject (person) will continue to breathe hard and the heart rate remains the same, until the body has paid back the oxygen debt to the muscles. The oxygen is used to convert the lactic acid back to glycogen. The effect of exercise on breathing is measured by calculating the ventilation rate. This is the total volume of air moved into the lungs in one minute. The ventilation rate is calculated as follow: Tidal volume * breathing rate Tidal volume is the volume of air breathed in and then simultaneously breathed out during a single breath. The aerobic fitness is a measurement of the uptake: transport and use of oxygen by the body. An indicator for this is Vo2 max, which is expressed in dm-3 min-1 or cm3 kg-1 of body mass. This is the maximum rate at which the body absorbs and make use oxygen. Aerobic fitness is measured by having the subject perform strenuous exercise for example, running on a treadmill and then gradually increase the intensity of the exercise, at the same time taking measurement of the subject oxygen uptake. As the intensity of the exercise increases the uptake of oxygen will also increase. The better a persons aerobic fitness is, the higher the intensity of the exercise at Vo2 max (Aerobic fitness and its significant Internet site). This is saying that if a person has high Vo2 max, the more work this person can perform. This measurement of aerobic fitness is quite complex and needs to be carried out in a laboratory, as it will need relatively expensive equipment. The other way, which is easier to make measurement of aerobic fitness, is to take measurement of the subject heart rate. This is good a indicator, because oxygen is delivered by the circulatory system and each heart beat indicates a quantity of blood being pumped by the heart. Heart rate is affected by age, gender and fitness level of a person. In young people heart rate is higher than older people. This is because young people can increase their heart rate and deliver large amounts of oxygen to the muscles, which is why they have better aerobic fitness than older people. Older people seem to have lower heart rate, which is a major cause of their reduced aerobic fitness. The other reason for this is that older people generally have less muscle mass and more body fats. This is not necessarily true; a person could improve his/hers aerobic fitness by regularly training their body. By regularly exercising improves the transport of oxygen efficiently within the body. This is because by exercising you train your heart to lower the heart rate- at lower heart rate the heart pumps more blood with every single heart beat. This and other physiological changes like reduction in body fats increase the oxygen transport capability. Thus, I will need to consider these fac ts in my investigation. Effects of smoking on the cardiovascular systems Carbon monoxide inhaled by smokers increases the CO level in the blood. Haemoglobin in the red blood cells helps transport oxygen from heart to rest of the body including working muscle. As CO has greater affinity for haemoglobin than does oxygen, this means that CO from smoking will readily bind with haemoglobin and prevent oxygen from binding to haemoglobin. Also, myoglobin in the muscles works same as the haemoglobin in the blood, thus less oxygen from blood gets to working muscle due CO occupying the haemoglobin and preventing oxygen molecules reaching the muscles. Research shows that smoking reduces maximal oxygen intake known as VO2 Max and causes premature muscles fatigue. Therefore, I find that smokers will have less aerobic fitness than non-smokers. Exercise triggers sympathetic nervous system to release epinephrine and increases heart beat as well as blood pressure. But, nicotine decreases responses to epinephrine. Smoking and health Cigarette smoking kills many thousands of people a year, making it the largest preventable cause of death in developed country (National Cancer Institute). Smoking increases the risk of coronary heart disease and heart attacks five times the normal risk. This occurs as a result of atherosclerosis in the lining of the coronary arteries that makes them to become narrow and restrict the flow of blood. This forces the heart to work extra hard to force blood through the coronary arteries and causes blood pressure to rise. Consequently less oxygen and nutrient are supplied to the heart muscle during vigorous exercise. Cardiovascular diseases are cause of many factors like diet and smoking. Nicotine is one of the major factors that increase the blood pressure by constricting the arteries (Jones 2000 and A/S Biology). This rise in high blood pressure damages the lining of arteries. This damage promotes the development of fatty plaques and blood clot. Making it difficult for blood to flow through the arteries and eventually flow of blood will be completely reduced. Smoking also increases the risk of emphysema and lung cancer due to build up of tar form cigarette smoke in the lungs. As the diseases emphysema progress the blood vessel in the lungs become more resistant to flow of blood, raising blood pressure in the pulmonary artery. Hence, this reduces the ability of blood to transport oxygen effectively to muscles for respiration to take place. Method To find how heart rate and blood pressure is affected by exercise in both smokers and non-smokers. I could use variety of equipment to carry out this investigation. Treadmill can be use to carry out the exercise or I could use a simpler equipment like stairs or a step, which is much cheaper than a treadmill and would give me the reading that I need to acquire. However, it would be better to use a treadmill, if you taking measurements of heart, lungs volume during exercise and including various other physiological reading are being taken as well. As I will need only heart rate and blood pressure it is best to use a lesser complex equipment. So I will use a step to carry out the exercise, because using a step you could carry out the experiment at home or at college. Also, that our college dont have a treadmill, thus I will need to hire one or use an external source.

Overview of Infinitives in Spanish

Overview of Infinitives in Spanish As the most basic of verb forms, the Spanish infinitive is widely used, even more so than its English counterpart. Since it has some characteristics of both verbs and nouns, its usage can be quite flexible. Following are the most common uses of the infinitive, along with sample sentences and links to lessons. As the Subject of a Sentence When it functions as the subject of a sentence, the infinitive functions much as it does when used as the subject in an English sentence, although it is often translated using the English gerund. Thus the sentence Nadar es difà ­cil could be translated as either To swim is difficult (English infinitive) or Swimming is difficult (English gerund). Infinitives used as nouns are masculine. Usually, when the subject infinitive is used to refer to general situations, no definite article (in this case el) is needed (although some speakers optionally include it). But when referring to specific instances, the article is often used. Thus, el isnt used in the above sample sentence, but it is here: El nadar a travà ©s del rà ­o era un movimiento fatal. (Swimming across the river was a fatal move.) (El) fumar es una de las peores cosas que los nià ±os pueden hacer con sus cuerpos. Smoking is one of the worst things that children can do with their bodies.(El) votar es una obligacià ³n y un derecho. Voting is an obligation and a right. ¿De dà ³nde procede este comprender? Where does this understanding come from? As the Object of a Preposition The use of infinitives after prepositions is another example of them functioning as nouns. Although the rule isnt consistently applied, the use of the definite article is usually optional. Spanish infinitives coming after prepositions are almost always translated using the English gerund. El error est en pensar que el inglà ©s tiene las mismas estructuras que el espaà ±ol. The mistake is in thinking that English has the same structures as Spanish.El hombre fue expulsado de restaurante por comer demasiado. The man was kicked out of the restaurant for eating too much.Nacimos para estar juntos. We were born to be together. In Forming the Periphrastic Future   An infinitive can follow a present-tense form of ir a to form a very common type of future tense. Voy a cambiar el mundo. Im going to change the world. As a Substitute for the Subjunctive Mood   The most common sentence structure calling for use of the subjunctive mood is one in the form of subject main verb que subject subjunctive verb. However, if the two subjects in the sentence are the same, it is normal to drop the que and replace the second verb with an infinitive. This can be seen in a simple example: In Pablo quiere que Marà ­a salga (Pablo wants Mary to leave), the two subjects are different and the subjunctive is used. But if the subjects are the same, the infinitive is used: Pablo quiere salir. (Pablo wants to leave.) Note that the English infinitive is used in both translations; youd make a mistake to imitate English in that regard. Esperamos obtener mejores resultados. We hope to get better results. (With different subjects, the subjunctive would have been used: Esperan que obtengamos mejores resultados. They hope we get better results.)Yo preferirà ­a hablar con la pared. I would prefer to talk with the wall.Javier niega querer salir del Barcelona. Javier denies wanting to leave Barcelona. The infinitive may also substitute for the subjunctive following impersonal statements: No es necesario comprar un computador caro para realizar tareas sencillas. It isnt necessary to buy an expensive computer in order to accomplish simple tasks.No es probable ganar la loterà ­a. It isnt likely to win the lottery. Although generally the subjunctive is used following que when the main subject and the subordinate subject are different, an exception can occur with various verbs of influence such as dejar (to let), mandar (to mandate) and prohibir (to prohibit). In such sentences, the person performing the action is represented by an indirect-object pronoun. Desertà © porque me ordenaron matar a civiles. I deserted because they ordered me to kill civilians.Dà ©janos vivir en paz. Let us live in peace.Mis padres me prohibieron tener novio. My parents prohibited me from having a boyfriend.Le hicieron andar con los ojos vendados. They made him walk blindfolded. One way of analyzing the above sentences is to view the infinitive as the object of the main verb and the indirect object as representing the person affected by the main verbs action. To Follow Certain Verbs   Numerous verbs, too many to list here, are routinely followed by an infinitive. Structurally, the infinitive functions as an object of the verb, even though we may not think of it that way. Among these verbs are poder, which is usually thought of as an auxiliary verb. No puedo creer que su nombre no est en este reporte. I cant believe his name isnt in this report.Los cientà ­ficos lograron crear cà ©lulas del cerebro humano. The scientists succeeded in creating human brain cells.Los dos fingieron estar enfermos para ingresar al rea de emergencia del hospital. The two pretended to be sick in order to enter the hospital emergency room.Debemos cuidar el planeta Tierra. We ought to care for the planet Earth.Mi amiga no sabe estar sola. My friend doesnt know how to be alone. The verb phrases tener que and haber que are also followed by the infinitive. With Verbs of Perception In a sentence construction thats difficult to analyze, the infinitive can be used to indicate that someone was a witness (such as by hearing or seeing) to a completed action. Vimos volar un florero por la ventana. We saw a vase fly through the window.Nunca te vi estudiar. I never saw you study.Te oyeron cantar el himno. They heard you sing the hymn.

The Process of Institution Governance and Decision Making Research Paper

The Process of Institution Governance and Decision Making - Research Paper Example The process of institutional governance and decision making is dependent on how the authority is distributed amongst the administration under the legal rights and obligation. This ultimately trickles down to the organizational behaviour of the members of the institute, which is unfolded into what direction the institute adopts by unfolding its strategies that impact all the stakeholders. One of the solutions to avoid the conflict amongst different stakeholder groups by the board of the higher academic institute is by provisioning of ‘shared governance’, which allows representation of views of all the stakeholders that are affected by the decision making process. This happens because each stakeholder group provides the views and inputs related to their interest in the decision-making process of the board. Faculty, student groups, members of the alumni, members of the board of trustees, founder members, investors etc. are all provided with a chance to share their views in setting up a strategy by the board for the future of the institute. Rivera (2008) pointed out that shared governance is the process of involving many different actors in making decisions or choosing outcome direction that serves the best interest of the whole. But this has also been criticized by many schools of thought since it is believed that institutions are to be managed like corporations. Hence applications of concepts such as delegation of authority, a division of autonomy and negotiations form part of how the decisions unroll and who has the advantage in terms of higher bargaining power.

Section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 - Essay Example Nevertheless, the uncertainty of what constitutes terrorism under international law has manifested at national level with difficulty in distinguishing between state and non-state terrorism (Williamson, 2009). In considering whether the acts in the current scenario constitute acts of terrorism, this paper will consider the position under UK law, with specific reference to the Terrorism Act 2000. Section 1(2) of the Terrorism Act 2000 provides that an act of â€Å"terrorism† includes any act that includes the following â€Å"(a) involves serious violence against a person, (b) involves serious damage to a property, (c) endangers a person’s life, other than that of a person committing the action; (d) creates a serious risk to the health and safety of the public or a section of the public, or (e) is designed to seriously interfere with or seriously to disrupt an electronic system† (Section 1(2) of the Terrorism Act 2000). ... o, the group of individuals are part of â€Å"Abort Abortion† and whilst they are not listed as a proscribed organisation under Schedule 2 of the Terrorism Act 2000, the individual acts may nevertheless constitute acts of terrorism under section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 and this paper shall consider each act in turn. 2 Alison’s liability for sending photos of aborted foetuses to the doctors who have been previously targeted. Alison’s campaign of sending the photos to the doctors whilst unpleasant hasn’t caused serious damage to person or property and it will difficult for this conduct to fall within the other sections of section 1(2) to constitute an act of terrorism under the Terrorism Act 2000. Additionally, the photos have been sent merely as a reminder of the horrors of abortion, with no specific threat. However, it is possible that Alison could face liability for harassment under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997. Section 1(1) of the Protecti on from Harassment Act 1997 provides that individuals must not engage in conduct which: a) Amounts to harassment of another; and b) Which they know or ought to objectively know constitutes harassment (Section 1(1) of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997). The test for determining harassment is objective and Section 2(1) of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 provides that if an individual’s act constitutes harassment in line with the section 1(1) definition, the conduct will constitute a criminal offence. If we apply this by analogy to the current scenario, it is evident that the photos have been sent to the doctors before and that they have been targeted. The images are disturbing and as the photos have been sent repeatedly, there are strong grounds for Alison’s conduct constituting harassment under

Child Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Child Development - Essay Example Part 2 comprises of chapters three and four. In these two chapters, the beginning of the child’s life is highlighted. Matters to do with parenting, education of the parents, issues to do with psychology of parenting, importance of preparing siblings for the birth, prenatal care and learning, family dynamics, infants with special needs, care for new born etc are discussed. Part three discuses infancy on a broader perspective; three chapters contained in this part will mark the basis of this paper. Chapters five, six, and seven make up part three of the book. This portion of the book discusses aspects of infancy such as physical development of the infant, the relationship of physical and motor development to cognition, emotional and physical development just to name a few. Other topics contained in part three include infant development, emotional and social development of the infant, theories on emotional and social development, social competence and development, factors influen cing social and emotional development in infants, cognitive, language, and literacy development of the infant, cognitive competence and development, factors that influence cognitive, language, and literacy development etc. Chapters eight, nine and ten make up part four. This section of the book highlights the child from ages one to three. Part 5 consists of chapters eleven, twelve and thirteen and highlights an infant from the ages four through five. The last part of the book consists of chapter fourteen through to sixteen. This section of the book highlights an infant’s development from the ages six through eight. This paper will highlight chapters five six seven and eight. Chapter five of this book focuses on Brain, perceptual, motor, and physical development of the infant. The chapter begins with an extensive discussion of the infant’s brain. The unfinished brain of

Proofs for God’s Existence Essay Example for Free

Proofs for God’s Existence Essay God’s existence can be proven in a multitude of ways. However, several introductory caveats are in order. First, by â€Å"God,† we mean the traditional Christian concept of an all-powerful and wise creator. Second, the project of â€Å"proving† anything is logic or science is nearly impossible. Even the best laid logical plans and the most iron clad arguments can be torn to pieces by a skilled logician. Such a state does not invalidate the proofs in question, just merely that the language of the discipline is such that any logical design can be manipulated and refuted by one who ardently desires it be refuted. What is being dealt with here is that faith in the God of the Christians is not an irrational, â€Å"blind faith,† but one that is eminently reasonable and defensible on metaphysical, logical and scientific grounds. 1. The proof of Aristotle, used by Thomas Aquinas later, is the â€Å"hylomorphic† proof and is very important to medieval thoughts about God and the nature of his existence. The theory centers around the distinction between first, form and matter which, second, corresponds to action and passion, or act and potency. The form of an object is it in act, or developing towards its natural telos, or end. The matter is passive, that which has non being, that which still needs to be developed. But the nature of reality is such that as one rises in knowledge, the form dominates over the matter. Mathematics, for example, is almost purely form, with only a minuscule amount of material stuff. But what is the origin of such things? Only the world of pure form, and hence, pure act, that is, God. God is pure act, pure perfection with no more need for development. It is the form of Forms that renders unchanging knowledge possible. The matter within its formal shell is not nly passive, but accidental, in that it is only the generator of sensations, colors, etc. But such things cannot exist without a substratum (there is no red, without it being a red something), and hence, form is the object of knowledge, not the matter, or the â€Å"accident† of the object. But knowledge only sees form, never matter. Matter might present form in the guise of a sensate object, but logical and mathematics does not work this way, these are separated from matter. Hence, the more universal the knowledge, the less matter. Hence, the ultimately form of knowledge is Pure form, hence God (Owens, 1980: 20-25). 2. Similarly, the proof of St. Augustine from the point of view of unchanging truth. Any such unchanging truth must have a cause. The truths of mathematics or logic never change regardless of time or place, and hence, there must be an entity in existence who could have brought such a world into being. Such an entity must never change or alter its being in any way, and hence, must be perfect (the only need for change is to improve, if no need for change, then there is no need for improvement). Therefore, God exists (Augustine, 1996: 19). 3. In terms of scientific proof, there is the entire question of natural law. The world is held together by a series of laws that never seem to change. They are regular and can be seen throughout nature, from its macro to its micro level. The â€Å"sensate† part of nature, logically, is anterior to the laws that allow it to exist. Hence, the laws of nature had to have come first, and are the form within which the sensate part of nature functions. Hence, an entity must exist that is capable of creating natural laws within which all created being can function in a regular and logical manner. Only God can be the cause of such things (Copleston, . 2006, 518). 4. The Russian philosopher Vladimir Solovyev uses the critique of nominalism to prove the existence of God in his Lectures on Godmanhood. First, the idea of empiricism is faulty since no real individuals exist (only God has this quality, but this is putting the cart before the horse). The objects seen in daily experience are themselves not particulars, but universals, ultimately reducible to pulses of energy. Force is the ultimate reality of being in terms of metaphysics. Hence, the empirical approach to the world is arbitrary, since the particulars we take for granted are in fact huge and complex collections of force and energy that appear to the senses as colors, sounds, textures, etc. Hence, energy is the source of being, and hence, retain the ontological status as universals. But this can not be sufficient, since the universal nature of forces must be accounted for. And this accounting can only be an entity powerful enough to have first created these forces that ultimately would register in human senses as objects, seemingly solid and singular, but in truth, complex and made up of universals (and in fact, representing universals in themselves). But this ultimately spiritual reality must have an equally spiritual cause, that is God. In other words, as the empirical qualities of objects exist only in the mind, the ultimate reality of the world is to be found in universals, and hence, the world of spirit. But all spiritual objects must have a cause that is equally creative and powerful (Solovyev, 1948: 60-63). 5. Spinoza’s concept of God is slightly different from the Christian view, but not entirely dissimilar. Spinoza argues for a single entity, Substance, that is the ultimate basis for all sensate objects. Substance is God, the ultimate basis (avoiding the word â€Å"cause† here) for all change and movement. Logically, there is only one ultimate Substance since there is no real reason for positing and more than one entity that, itself, can survive all change, but is not available to the senses. Spinoza’s Substance is not something that can be apprehended by senses, but only by the mind, and hence, is a spiritual being. While many writers have broken their backs trying to hold that nature is God for Spinoza, there is no reason to hold this: God is what is behind nature and is the ultimate basis for all being. Spinoza is not a pantheist, as nearly all commentators hold. Spinoza held that all change needs a basis, something that does not change. That which we see as changing is the modes of existence, the sensate objects in space and time (or mind and body). All of these sensate things can be reduced to that which is extended and that which is mental, ultimately one thing seen from two different points of view. But these two are merely two available modes for human comprehension of an infinite object that never changes, but is at the root of change, its basis, and that is Substance, or God, an infinite being who lies at the root of all change and the laws that govern change. It itself, does not change, but contains infinite attributes that only appear incompletely to human beings under two attributes only. Spinoza does not hold that there needs to be a cause of all things, but he does hold that there needs to be a basis of all things, that this is God (Della Rocca, 2008, 42-48) 6. The last proof or vision of God is to be found in Apostolos Makrakis, the little known 19th century Greek metaphysician. He was a Christian rationalist who held that Descartes butchered his own method. Makrakis holds that one can begin with Descartes ontological doubt. But the conclusion to this doubt, cogito ergo sum, is an arbitrary end point. When I engage in methodological doubt, I come up with several conclusions: first, the doubter exists, second, that the doubter is not the cause of his own existence, and third, that God exists necessarily. All of this derives from the single act of cognition: it is the true unpacking of the cogito. Since if the cogito is true, than the other propositions are equally true at the same time, known intuitively. Since the cogito is not self-created, then the outside world and God must exist necessarily in the same act of cognition as the original cogito. If one must strip away the outside world in order to reach the cogito, than the outside world is real, since in removing it, one reaches the truth of existence. The outside world cannot be a phantom then, if the doubter is not self-created. Something needed to have created and sustained the doubter, and this is as certain as the cogito itself. But since that outside world itself is not self-created (in other words, that the outside world does not know itself through itself, but through another), than God necessarily exists, and again, as true as the cogito itself. Hence, the cogito really says: I exist, the outside world exists, God exists, all at the same time all in the same act of cognition since the cogito itself implies it (Makrakis, 1956, 42-43). Again, none of these proofs are final, but the same can be said for all logic and science. But these do who that reason assents to the existence of God as infinite and all powerful. Spinoza’s approach is the most interesting, since it is compatible with mechanistic science, but holds that such science necessarily needs a basis for action, and this is Substance. The argument #3 above is also very difficult to refute, since one cannot hold to an ordered universe without holding to natural law, and if that, than the cause of natural law itself. If that is denied, then one is in the unenviable position of trying to argue that the material objects of nature can and did exist without a law to govern their actions. Hence, evolution is impossible. Natural laws (and a lawgiver) had to be before the actual sensate part of creation. But this, in an odd way, is very similar to the argument of Spinoza. It seems that science itself cannot function without recognizing natural law and it’s a priori existence with respect to the objects of science themselves. Bibliography: Owens, Joseph (1980) Thomas Aquinas on the Existence of God. SUNY Press Augustine (1996) â€Å"On The Free Choice of the Will† Readings in Medieval Philosophy. Ed. Andrew Schoedinger. Oxford. 3-24 Copleston, Frederick (2006) History of Philosophy: Medieval Philosophy. Continuum International. Solovyev, Vladimir (1948) Lectures on Godmanhood. Lindisfarne Press (this is sometimes called Lectures on Divine Humanity) Della Rocca, Michael (2008) Spinoza. Taylor and Francis Makrakis, Apostolos (1956) â€Å"The Tree of Life. † in Foundations of Philosophy. Chicago, OCES. 1-104